Eagles of Turkey: 7 Species Guide & Conservation

Türkiye’s Eagles: 7 Raptors That Rule Anatolian Skies

Türkiye is home to seven magnificent eagle species that dominate the country’s mountains, forests, and endless steppe landscapes. From powerful Golden Eagles to ground-running Steppe Eagles, these raptors form an essential part of Anatolia’s natural heritage and symbolize its wild beauty.

1. Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca)

One of Türkiye’s flagship raptors, the Imperial Eagle breeds primarily in Thrace, and the forested regions of Bolu and Ankara.

Conservation Status: Endangered.Although threatened, the species is slowly recovering thanks to expanded national and international protection programmes and dedicated conservation efforts.

2. Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos)

The undisputed heavyweight hunter of Anatolia’s highlands. This powerful raptor preys on a wide range of animals, from hares and rabbits to young foxes and large birds.

Unique Behavior: Known for coordinating complex hunts as a mated pair—a rare and sophisticated strategy among large raptors.

3. Short-Toed Snake Eagle (Circaetus gallicus)

Nicknamed the “snake specialist,” this eagle has a diet consisting almost exclusively of reptiles. It circles high in the sky, using its keen eyesight to spot prey before diving down.

A common summer migrant across Türkiye, frequently observed hovering at altitudes around 500 metres while scanning the ground below.

4. Lesser Spotted Eagle (Clanga pomarina)

This forest-dwelling eagle often hunts from high perches, swooping down on unsuspecting small mammals and reptiles.

Curious Fact: Females are known for unusual “neighbourly” visits to nearby nests during the breeding season—a curious social behavior noted by ornithologists, the purpose of which is still studied.

5. Booted Eagle (Hieraaetus pennatus)

A smaller, agile eagle that prefers open forests, hills, and lightly wooded areas. It is a spring–autumn migrant widely observed across various regions of Türkiye.

It exhibits two distinct color morphs: a pale form and a much darker form, which can make identification interesting for birdwatchers.

6. Greater Spotted Eagle (Clanga clanga)

Conservation Status: Globally Vulnerable. A rare winter visitor to Türkiye, with fewer than 4,000 mature individuals remaining worldwide due to widespread wetland habitat loss and degradation.

7. Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis)

The ground-dwelling eagle of Anatolia’s open steppes. It specializes in hunting ground squirrels and other small steppe mammals.

Unusual Habits: Known to hunt on foot, has been observed dropping stones on prey, and readily scavenges for carrion, especially during the winter months, showing remarkable adaptability.

“The diversity of eagles in Türkiye is a direct reflection of the health and variety of its ecosystems—from coastal wetlands to high mountains and central steppes. Protecting these apex predators is crucial for maintaining ecological balance.” — Perspective from Turkish ornithology.

Conclusion

Türkiye’s seven eagle species highlight the incredible biological richness of Anatolia’s landscapes. Their presence signifies healthy, functioning ecosystems. Ongoing and strengthened conservation measures—protecting habitats, mitigating electrocution from power lines, and reducing poisoning—are essential to ensure these majestic rulers of the sky continue to soar over Türkiye for generations to come.